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VALUELESS ECONOMIC THEORY

3/25/2021

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Author: Nooran Khan

Reviewer: The Questioz Editorial Board 

Reviewer's Note: ​This paper presents an interesting economic, psychological and philosophical perspective on “Valueless Economic Theory” through a detailed exploration of Modern Monetary Theory, the psychology of inflation, as well as a discussion of the more abstract concepts of value and morality. Through the use of both quantitative and qualitative evidence as well as a presentation of real world corollaries of the concepts discussed, the author presents a theoretical, yet insightful, conceptualisation of an economy that is “valueless”. Overall, this paper is both interesting and well written.
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Is Reliance an emerging threat for global US giants like Wal-Mart and Amazon in India?

3/25/2021

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Author: Mahaa Arasi Saminathan

Reviewer: The Questioz Editorial Board 

Reviewer's Note: This paper examines the role of Reliance as a potential threat of taking over the E-commerce industry in India and become the giant in the industry. The author has conducted in-depth research and analyzed the strategies that companies such as Amazon and Walmart employed to become the leaders of E-commerce in India and compared those strategies to the strategies Reliance uses. The compare and contrast done by the author of the strategies of each company provides the readers with the exact idea of how each company functions in the E-commerce industry. The economic evaluation done in the body of the research paper is extremely interesting for the readers. Overall, the paper provides an insightful representation of the global E-commerce industry.  

 

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FIFTY YEARS ON: EVALUATING U.S. RECREATIONAL DRUG POLICY

3/22/2021

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Author: Arnav Kulkarni 

Reviewer: The Questioz Editorial Board 

Reviewer's Note: This paper is an insightful representation of the recreational drug imposed by the US federal government. By combining primary and secondary data along with extensive economic theories, this research paper has a logical representation of ideas. Overall, the formatting of the research paper is highly accurate and the presentation of the data is extremely clear and concise. The paper does not deviate from the intended topic and has an in-depth analysis of the case study and concepts. It shows a clear understanding of the chosen topic.   
 

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Faulkner, Free Will, and the Depths of Pathos: An Updated Reading of "The Sound and the Fury"

5/8/2017

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By THEODORE BAAS, Michigan, the USA
CONTACT AUTHOR
Considered by many to be the pinnacle of American Literature, William Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury is a novel of unrivaled intensity. Filled with contempt, violence, and incest, the book portrays perhaps better than any other novel in history the deranged and melancholic reality of life. This paper will give an updated view on Faulkner’s use of pathos in the tradition of Greek tragedies. This paper will also dive into how Faulkner uses time, free will, and impotence to transport us not just into his world but into the sorrow and undeniable pathos of our own world.



                             
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William Faulkner
Photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1954. From the collection of the Library of Congress and in the public domain.

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Black And Blackface Othello

11/6/2016

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By JIAYI (VIVIAN) LI, Shanghai, China
​Dr. Mary J. Barnett, Georgetown University
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​Othello was written between 1603 and 1604; its first recorded performance was in 1604, with Richard Burbage playing Othello (Swindall 11). Undoubtedly, Burbage played Othello in blackface. It was not until over 200 years later, in 1833 that the first black actor played Othello in London. Since then, most actors playing Othello have been black, although scholars like Peter Ackroyd argue that Shakespeare intended him to be a Spanish Moor (Arogundade). Recently some scholars began to argue about the ethnicity of Othello. Some scholars even suggest that Othello should be played by a white actor of blackface, like hundreds of years ago. After all, one of Othello’s main themes is racial discrimination. Othello is a play focusing on the issue of racial discrimination that offers unlimited possibilities for new interpretations. Spectators, critics and directors in different time have tended to think differently about the most proper race to play Othello because as time goes by, more and more people can accept racial diversity in the society.

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Nietzschean Competition: Foucault’s Genealogy of Homo Oeconomicus and the Will to Power

11/6/2016

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By RAYMOND XU, San Jose, California, USA
​Stanford Summer Humanities Institute, 2016
Master Thinkers of the 19th Century: Marx, Nietzsche, Freud
Professor: Adrian Daub
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Neoliberalism as a pervasive political, economic, and social organizing force has shaped everyday life through both substantive and discursive transformations. Economics, historically referred to by scholars as the “dismal science” due to the “cold” rationality of traditional economic models, should also require practical and epistemological reorientations with the advent of neoliberal globalization. Friedrich Nietzsche offers valuable insights into economics with his statements about power that seemingly describe the aim and rationale of individual agents in the market economy. Utilizing Michel Foucault’s genealogy of homo oeconomicus as a basis for critical analysis[1], this paper seeks to analyze similarities and dissimilarities between Nietzsche’s will to power and competition defined by Adam Smith and neoliberal competition.​

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Leader: A Nietzschean Genealogical Inquiry

8/26/2016

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By HYUN JOON CHOI, Richmond Hill, Canada
​The ​Stanford Summer Humanities Institute (2016): "Marx, Nietzsche, Freud: The Master Thinkers of the Nineteenth Century."
CONTACT AUTHOR
Questioz High School Research Nietzche Philosophy Hyun Joon Choi
While numerous studies on the leader have been conducted, the origin of today’s notion of the leader, and the functions and power relations it carries have not received much attention. In this paper, I examine the concept of the leader as an idealized social paragon dispersed throughout the social consciousness with the methodological basis of Nietzschean genealogy, thereby arriving at an understanding of the function, aim, and will behind the phenomenon of the leader. Particularly, I intend to investigate through an etymological study the origin and the history of the conceptualization of the leader that precedes and concurs with its present wide dispersion. I shed light on the mode in which the general concept of the leader has been transformed and moulded by the leadership literature that conceptualizes the leader and studies the means of developing leaders. Ultimately, through a rather schematic genealogical investigation, I intend to propose a reasonable hypothesis that the capitalist will to produce efficient workers for contemporary corporations is the drive behind the development and dispersion of the modern day concept of the leader.


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The Effects of Europe’s Commercial Expansion into the Indian Ocean on Asian and African Coastal Economies: 1600-1650

7/15/2016

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By JOHANNES LANG, Vienna, Austria
Mentor: Ruth Schabauer (Department of English, Neulandschule Grinzing)
CONTACT AUTHOR
​This work examines the impact of Europeans’ commercial expansion into the Indian Ocean on the local Asian and African economies between 1600 and 1650. By studying this historically important period of time, we can also gain a deeper understanding of modern globalization and of Europe’s continuing political and economic influence today. The different consequences for the various regions bordering the Indian Ocean are compared, contrasted, and evaluated. For my research I use primarily books and articles but also rely on the analysis of economic data. Epic poems from Mughal writers as well as modern studies are included so that the reader may gain thorough insights into the topic. As I try to tell history from an Afro-Asian perspective, I let both 17th century and contemporary voices native to the Indian Ocean have their say.
I conclude in my study that the consequences of trade with the Europeans differed greatly between the heterogeneous regions. The nature of these consequences depended on the socioeconomic structure as well as on the environmental particularities of the regions in question. Some economies profited from the new situation; others suffered from the altered trade system. Interestingly, many effects of 17th century globalization, such as increased competition with countries far away and a heightened reliance on foreign trade, are visible also in today’s process of globalization.   


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A Process of Learning: Distributing Literature, Cartonera-Style

5/24/2016

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By LUCAS DAVIS, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
Mentor: Corralu Buddenbohm (Paper advisor); Ms. Mary O’Rourke, Lausanne Collegiate School
CONTACT AUTHOR
What does the Cartonera have to offer in weathered economies? How is it effective in teaching and distributing literature?    ​
Questioz High School Research Cartonera Movement 1
(Fig. 1)
Questioz High School Research Cartonera Movement 3
(Fig. 3)
Questioz High School Research Cartonera Movement 2
(Fig. 2)
Questioz High School Research Cartonera Movement 4
(Fig. 4) Fig. 1 - Eloisa Cartonera’s creatively painted books are all made out of cardboard bought from Cartoneros. (Eloisa Cartonera) Fig. 2, 3, 4 - David Santos’ book, produced in conjunction with La Maestra Cartonera, features animals classified and drawn by David himself. (David Santos)

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History is a Weapon: The Crusade for Equality “by any means necessary”

5/10/2016

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By ALEX CHUNG, New York, USA
​The Stanford Summer Humanities Institute, 2015
Course: Revolutions
Professor: Dan Edelstein
​Graduate TA: Dylan J. Montanari
CONTACT AUTHOR
Questioz High School Research Marxism Civil Rights Alex Chung
I. Introduction
As Karl Marx wrote in the Communist Manifesto, “A spectre is haunting Europe —the spectre of communism.”[1] For the Civil Rights Activists during the 1950s and 1960s in America, a similar specter was haunting the United States - communism. The Civil Rights Leaders turned to communist ideology for inspiration. Leading figures and organizations involved in the Civil Rights Movement such as Malcolm X, Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Black Panther Party found profound relationships between Marx’s theories of alienation and revolution and the state of racial inequity in the United States. Malcolm X, Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Black Panther Party each applied Marx’s theories in their speeches and in support of their views. Their application of Marx's theories, however, was done in a selectively self-serving manner and in very “broad-strokes” as necessary in order to fit the doctrine to the practicalities of their plight, rather than literally. In addition, when considering the socioeconomic climate within which the Civil Rights Movement was occurring, the Civil Rights activists used the readily apparent demarcation of classes in their fight for racial equality.[2] First, they understood that race inequality was connected to class inequality. Second, they used the ideals of Marxism. Given the Cold War efforts to contain Communism, this ideology was feared by the general public and the American Government as a threat to the social order in the United States.[3]


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Artistic Revolution: Delacroix, Goya, and Romanticism

5/10/2016

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By CATHY YANG, Pennsylvania, the USA
​The Stanford Summer Humanities Institute, 2015
​Course: Revolutions
​Professor: Dan Edelstein
​Graduate Teaching Assistant: Dylan J. Montanari
CONTACT AUTHOR
​"In the end, true art is not about a beautiful view, but what it says about the artist, what it does to the viewer."
Questioz High School Research Eugene Delacroix Art History Cathy Yang
Fig. 1 Delacroix, Eugene. Massacre at Chios. 1824. Oil, 13' 9" x 11' 7" (4.2 m x 3.5 m). The Louvre, Paris. Accessed July 2, 2015. www.louvre.fr/en/routes/eugene-delacroix
Questioz High School Research Francisco Goya Art History Cathy Yang
Fig. 2 Goya, Francisco. The Third of May 1808. 1814. Oil, 8' 9" x 12' 4" (2.66 m x 3.8 m). Museo Del Prado, Madrid. Accessed July 3, 2015. www.artstor.org
Questioz High School Research Theodore Gericault Art History Cathy Yang
Gericault, Theodore. The Raft of the Medusa. 1819. Oil, 16' 1" x 23' 6" (4.9 m x 7.2 m). The Louvre, Paris. Accessed July 4, 2015. www.artstor.org
​Art is said to be the signature of civilizations. Throughout history, artists have served as both chroniclers and commentators of important events. During the 19th century, with the emergence of radical political revolutions across Europe, Romanticism became the dominant artistic style for depicting revolutionary events. An examination of two prominent Romantic paintings reveal that Eugene Delacroix’s Massacre at Chios (fig. 1) and Francisco Goya’s Third of May 1808 (fig. 2), though seemingly alike in subject matter and style, are in fact radically different perceptions of similar events.

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Hamlet as a Foreshadowing of the Modern Consumerist Psychology

4/22/2016

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By RAPHAEL MORALLO, Manila, Philippines
CONTACT AUTHOR
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Introduction
​As a highly valued literary work of William Shakespeare, Hamlet has been a focus of many literary analyses that reveal the underlying messages that the text has that may shed light on the creative genius behind the writer, the significance of such pieces of literature in the age that they were written, and its effect on potential readers today. One possible link between the modern age and the Shakespearean classic is how the portrayal of psychologically troubled individuals in the story represents and foreshadows how the obsession over consumerist ideas leads to mental instability. This is shown through the various psychological aspects of the characters that, in turn, contribute to character and plot development as well as the central theme of the play. At the same time, these aspects may be linked to similar conditions that may be seen in today’s consumerist-driven society since the circumstances that affect both the play and modern society may have close similarities. Displaying how consumerism may be found within the internal and external conflict points of the characters creates a comparison that allows Hamlet to continue its recognition as an exemplary piece of English literature.


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Delaware Detox: Lessons From Our Past and Nonpoint Source Pollution in the Delaware River Basin Today

4/22/2016

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By MICHAEL CHENG, USA
​Finalist, 2016 MIT INSPIRE Competition in the Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences (History Category)
CONTACT AUTHOR
In order to successfully tackle nonpoint source pollution, policymakers will need to look to the Delaware River’s past, where the combination of public outcry and a new interstate organization dedicated to cleaning up the Delaware River would successfully regulate and control point source pollution, leading to the significantly cleaner river that Americans living in the Delaware River Basin region take for granted today. Examining the factors that led to the control of the Delaware River’s 20th century point source industrial pollution will help policymakers and concerned citizens develop a plan to successfully control the nonpoint source pollution that threatens the river today.
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A Cinematic Revolution

3/26/2016

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By CHELSEA SHU, USA
​Stanford Summer Humanities Institute, 2015
Course: Revolutions
​Professor Dan Edelstein
​Graduate TA: Sarah Grandin
CONTACT AUTHOR
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From clips of the red sun to full-length feature films about the perilous class struggles, films are known for their involvement in many revolutions. They were viewed as vessels of propaganda in the eyes of the revolutionary leaders and sources of education to the common people. Despite the fact that films hold a substantial importance in almost every modern revolution, it was most significant in the Cuban Revolution and the Chinese Cultural Revolution. Not only did the industry manipulate the minds of the  people in favor of the revolution, but it also underwent major changes itself throughout the process. Although the film industry played a major role in both the Cuban Revolution and the Chinese Cultural Revolution, it inaugurated more of an impact, both socially and politically, in the Chinese Cultural Revolution than it did in the Cuban Revolution.
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Decolonization and Revolution as Brother and Sister for the People

3/22/2016

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By ELISABETH SIELGEL, California, USA
​Stanford Summer Humanities Institute, 2015
Professor Dan Edelstein
​Graduate Teaching Assistant: Dylan J. Montanari
CONTACT AUTHOR
Questioz Research High School Decolonisation
"Just as the citizens of America had to reinvent their methods of political thought in order to dream of possibilities besides a Monarchy, the colonized individuals of Algerian society had to rethink their humanity."
Dale Yoder in his article, 'Current Definitions of Revolution' claims that revolution must involve “abrupt, violent social change” with a shift in sovereignty from one place to another. He wrote, “It is the change in the attitudes of the citizenry toward the underlying basis of the institutions or customs which have come to stand in the way of a tolerable life-experience” (441). As evidenced in comparisons drawn between the American Revolution and the Algerian Revolution from 1954 to 1962, decolonization, as it happens, involves many of the elements also integral to a revolution, making the two terms almost inseparable in their synonymy.​

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Angela's Ashes and Paramilitary Groups

3/2/2016

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By RAUL GARCIA, ESTEBAN MANTICA and VALERIA ZUÑIGA
​Managua, Nicaragua 
CONTACT AUTHORS
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Abstract
           
​              This research studies the paramilitary groups mentioned in Frank McCourt’s book “Angela’s Ashes”. It draws mainly upon second hand sources and historic documentation, including books and songs, to explain the rise and fall of the three main paramilitary groups: the Red Branch Knights, the Fenian Men, and the Irish Republican Army. Most prior research focuses on the common purpose of these groups - a free Ireland.


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The Significance of Stresemann in the recovery of Germany after 1923

2/29/2016

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By SARTHAK GARELLA, London, United Kingdom​
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Questioz, High School, Research, JournalStresemann
​Stresemann was a politician of the Weimar republic after Ebert. When Stresemann came into power, Germany was still under the influence of the effects of the treaty of Versailles. Germany was in economic peril, owing 6600 million pounds to the victors of the First World War, militarily crippled as the armed forces were reduced to only 100,000 men and no battleships, no armored vehicles and no aircraft or submarines as well as no troops in the Rhineland. The war guilt clause, article 231, also left Germany hating the allies and the treaty of Versailles as they thought it was unfair. Stresemann entered Germany when it was in a state of peril, however, one could argue that his successes outweighed his limitations and he was very significant in the recovery of Germany after 1923 until his death in 1929.


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Stonewall Riots and The Boston Tea Party

2/8/2016

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By, TYLER HELMS, Shelby, North Carolina, USA
Stanford Summer Humanities Institute, 2015
​Course: Revolutions
Professor Dan Edelstein
​Graduate Teaching Assistant: Sarah Grandin
CONTACT Author
Questioz High School Research Journal
"It is the duty of the people, the basis of society, to determine when it is acceptable to revolt. Both the Stonewall Riots and the Boston Tea Party occurred when the people felt that their government no longer represented their interests."
​In the case of all oppression and civil rights violations, there comes a point of explosion, a point where the people refuse to be suppressed and decide to make their voices heard. This is the case for the Stonewall Riots and The Boston Tea Party. While they are distinctly different social and political events, they are held together by three parallels: a similar trajectory of events, suppressed people who wanted their voices heard, and long lasting political influence. Both events followed the path of oppression, explosion, suppression, and long standing impact.

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“Macedonia Is All We Have”: Re-thinking the Contemporary Macedonian Master Narrative

1/15/2016

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By ANDREJ KUCULOVSKI, Skopje, Macedonia
CONTACT AUTHOR
​"Most Macedonian history textbooks, particularly those intended for the national history curriculum, cast the body of work associated with former president Kiro Gligorov in the most positive and romanticized of lights. And most textbooks base their ‘findings’ on Gligorov’s now well-known literary legacy, namely his 2001 memoir, suggestively titled 'Macedonia is all we have.'"
Questioz International High School Research Journal
Abstract:
​
In this paper, I will attempt to explore the following question: If we accept the premise that master historical narratives are shaped by “great people”, how can we truly know about the past? Are there enough sources to know the truth? By looking at contemporary Macedonian history (since 1991) and its master narrative (post-Yugoslav, sovereign), particularly focusing on one key stake holder, namely former president Kiro Gligorov, I plan to examine the Gligorov biography using available sources: web sources, Kiro Gligorov’s memoir Macedonia is all we have,  TV and newspaper sources. In this text, Kiro Gligorov’s biography is represented using available, revealed resources.

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Rousseau and Marx: A Utopia to Lose, a Utopia to Win

1/14/2016

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By NAIMA K. GUPTA, New Delhi, India
Stanford Summer Humanities Institute, 2015
​Course: Revolutions
Professor Dan Edelstein
​Graduate Teaching Assistant: Sarah Grandin
CONTACT AUTHOR
Questioz Marx High School ResearchA Statue of Marx
“Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité” was the motto of the French Revolution. Revolutions have often been about restoring liberty and fighting for freedom. Freedom has always settled well in the minds of the people. However equality as a concept has had a colder reception. The rich don’t want to be equal to the poor; the educated not to the illiterate; the men not to women; and the white not to the coloured. In today’s supposedly “modern” society, inequality is still hidden in every corner. Philosophers, political theorists, revolutionaries, dictators, and many others have struggled to define, to fight for, and to understand equality. What does it mean to be equal? Are all men really born equal? Are we morally obliged to treat everyone equally? Two different sets of answers to these questions can be found in the writings of Jean Jacques Rousseau and Karl Marx.


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Art: A Mirror To Tyranny and Terror

1/9/2016

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 By CHUYI YE, Guangzhou, China
Stanford Summer Humanities Institute, 2015
​Course: Revolutions
​Professor Dan Edelstein
​Graduate Teaching Assistant: Sarah Grandin
CONTACT AUTHOR
Questioz Art History Research High School
Jacques-Louis David, The Oath of Horatii. 1784. Oil on canvas, 10' 8" x 13' 9". The Louvre.
Questioz Art History Research High School
Adolf Strakhov, March 8 Women Emancipation. 1920. Giclee Print.
Questioz Art History Research High School
Jacques-Louis David, The Death of Marat. 1793. Oil on canvas, 65 in × 50 in. Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium.
Questioz Art History Research High School
Sergei Gerasimov, The Master of the Earth. 1918. Panel

​​This paper is an examination of several specific artworks with background information of their corresponding revolution. It begins with a brief introduction of French art history and Russian art history in the time of revolutions and segues into interpretation and analysis of specific artworks. The paper ends with a concrete comparison between propaganda art and artists during the two revolutions and an evaluation of their effects in a broader scope.

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"If Men Were Angels, No Government Would Be Necessary." - An Analysis

12/29/2015

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By SAUMYA MALHOTRA, Gurgaon, India
CONTACT AUTHOR
Questioz International Journal of High School Research
"​Mankind may not exactly be the embodiment of vice, selfishness, and bestiality, but it is not any more the idealistic and 'angelic' epitome of virtue that would not need governance in order to protect its individual members - especially those who are comparatively weaker, or part of a minority."
James Madison, in Federalist No. 51 (The Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks and Balances Between the Different Departments), discussed the need to limit the powers of the government through a federal system and proposed a system of 'checks and balances' to achieve said objective, apart from providing a justification for the existence of government itself.

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